Who Was Queen Anna Nzinga

Anna Nzinga was born the same year that the Ndongo people, led by her father, Ngola Kiluanji Kia Samba, began fighting against the Portuguese who were raiding their territory for slaves and attempting to conquer land they believed included silver mines. When Anna Nzingas brother, Mbandi, deposed his father, he had Nzingas child murdered. She fled with her husband to Matamba. Mbandis rule was cruel, unpopular, and chaotic. In 1623 he asked Nzinga to return and negotiate a treaty with the Portuguese. Nzinga mustered a royal impression as she approached the negotiations. The Portuguese arranged the meeting room with only one chair, so Nzinga would have to stand, making her appear to be the inferior of the Portuguese governor. But she outsmarted the Portuguese and had her maid kneel, creating a human chair and an impression of power. Nzinga succeeded in this negotiation with the Portuguese governor, Correa de Souza, restoring her brother to power, and the Portuguese agreed to limits on the slave trade. Around this time, Nzinga was baptized as a Christian, taking the name Dona Anna de Souza. Becoming Queen In 1633, Nzinga had her brother killed and became ruler. The Portuguese named her the governor of Luanda, and she opened her land to Christian missionaries and to the introduction of whatever modern technologies she could attract. By 1626, she had resumed the conflict with the Portuguese, pointing to their many treaty violations. The Portuguese established one of Nzingas relatives as a puppet king (Phillip) while Nzingas forces continued to harass the Portuguese. She found allies in some neighboring peoples, and Dutch merchants, and conquered and became ruler of the Matamba (1630), continuing a resistance campaign against the Portuguese. In 1639, Nzingas campaign was successful enough that the Portuguese opened peace negotiations, but these failed. The Portuguese found increasing resistance, including the Kongo and the Dutch as well as Nzinga, and by 1641 had pulled back considerably. In 1648 new troops arrived and the Portuguese began to succeed, so Nzinga opened peace talks which lasted for six years. She was forced to accept Philip as ruler and the actual Portuguese power in Ndongo but was able to maintain her dominance in Matamba and to maintain Matambas independence from the Portuguese. Nzinga died in 1663, at the age of 82, and was succeeded by Barbara, her sister in Matamba. Her rule did not last long. Angola did not become independent of Portuguese authority until 1974.

King Lear - Tragic Flaw Essay example - 902 Words

â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of the power about them...great trees more likely to be struck by lightning than a clump of grass. Conductors may of course be instruments as well as victims of the divine lightning.† Tragic heroes are characters of notoriety; held in high regard but are struck with misfortune through their own error. The most noble of men can succumb to their own flaws until driven to the brink of insanity, as illustrated in Shakespeare’s play, King Lear. King Lear represents all qualities of a tragic hero and in the end is ruined by his own vice, by driving himself to the point of full-blown insanity as a result of his actions. As all tragic†¦show more content†¦Lear is outraged when Cordelia does not lavish him in kind words like he had expected her too and as a result banishes her from the kingdom. This action shows the reader insight to what will be Learâ₠¬â„¢s downfall. What he does not realize just yet is that Cordelia is the only daughter that actually does love her father, but his rash judgment and arrogance blinded him from seeing this. As time passes by, Lear tries to live out the remainder of his life under the care of his two oldest daughters, who are supposed to love him the most. It is not long until they begin to abuse their â€Å"beloved† father and treat him like a piece of trash. They lock him out in the rain, order their servants to be rude to him, and make him reduce his army. It does not take long after that for Lear to realize that he had made an enormous mistake, and the Cordelia was the one that truly loved him the most. The lightening had struck when Lear’s arrogance led him to believe Cordelia would say more to show her love for him, and his tree had caught fire once his rash judgment resulted in Cordelia’s banishment. Once Lear had recognized the monstrosity of the mistake he had made and b ewildered by the betrayal of Goneril and Regan, his madness started to set in. He flees the home of his evil daughters and is left wandering through a great storm, completely consumed in his insanity. The French army, led by Cordelia, is on its way to Britain to save her father’s kingdom from herShow MoreRelatedSuperheroes, Despite Their Different Powers, All Possess1581 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintenance of strong morals. Similarly, King Lear, the tragic hero in William Shakespeare’s play, King Lear, possesses characteristics that define him as a tragic hero, as stated by Aristotle in Poetics via A.C. Bradley’s The Shakespearean Tragic Hero. King Lear is a character of high social status, and he possesses exceptional qualities that make him a well-respected king; however, throughout the play’s events, he suffers tremendously in an unusual manner. In addition, Lear, despite being a â€Å"good† characterRead MoreKing Lear as a Tragic Hero997 Words   |  4 PagesThe play of King Lear is a tragedy like many of Shakespeare’s plays, and many of them deal with the tragic hero that end up meeting their demise thanks to their tragic flaw. The tragic hero of this play is King Lear, and he is a man that is a ruler of the kingdom of Britain in the 8th century B.C. He is a very old man surrounded by grave responsibilities, which are taking care of the land and taking care of the citizens of the kingdom. Lear the tragic hero must feel suffering and contrast those goodRead MoreIs King Lear A Tragic Hero Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesKing Lear, one of William Shakespeare s greatest tragedies, depicts a society in grim circumstances. As with all tragedies, there exists a tragic hero [1] , one who possesses a fatal flaw that initiates the tragedy and all the sufferings that follow. In this play, the tragic hero is undoubtedly the title character, King Lear. The plot is driven by the power and consequence of losses, more specifically , the losses of Lear. In the course the play, King Lear, because of his flaws, loses his authorityRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of King Lear1310 Words   |  6 PagesKing Lear, one of William Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies, depicts a society in uninviting circumstances. Tragedy is depicted by the downfall of a noble hero, usually through a combination of arrogance and fate. The tragic hero s wish to achieve a goal encounters limits, those of human inability, the gods, or nature. As with all tragedies, there exists a tragic hero, one who possesses a calamitous flaw that establishes the tragedy and all the sufferings that follow. In this play, the tragic heroRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of King Lear1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is no salvation for the tragic hero or any sign of optimism in the conclusion. This bleak portrayal of King Lear, through his losses, makes him the ultimate tragic hero, and the play an ultimate tragedy. In every tragedy, of course, there is a tragic hero. A person who has good intentions, but leads the story to ruin through a fatal, and uncontrollable, flaw. The plot of the book centers around the consequences of King Lear’s flaw. Throughout the play, King Lear loses his land, his honorRead More Tragedy Through Misreading in William Shakespeares King Lear975 Words   |  4 PagesTragedy Through Misreading in William Shakespeares King Lear Shakespeare’s tragedy, King Lear, portrays many important misconceptions which result in a long sequence of tragic events. The foundation of the story revolves around two characters, King Lear and Gloucester, and concentrates on their common flaw, the inability to read truth in other characters. For example, the king condemns his own daughter after he clearly misreads the truth behind her â€Å"dower,†(1.1.107) or honesty. Later, GloucesterRead MoreKing Lear : The Tragic Hero957 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many â€Å"tragic heroes† in literature in many different genres. The aspects of a tragic hero include a good man who has royalty in his blood, one tragic flaw, suffer, and then overcome their flaw once they finally open their eyes to what is really going on. Not only do tragic heroes suffer, but they cause others to suffer as well, but this can play a huge role in a work as a whole. King Lear is the tragic hero in, of course, King Lear. King Lear suffe rs from not knowing who he truly isRead MoreKing Lear: Lear the Tragic Hero1662 Words   |  7 PagesKing Lear: Lear The Tragic Hero The definition of tragedy in the Oxford dictionary is, drama of elevated theme and diction and with unhappy ending; sad event, serious accident, calamity. However, the application of this terminology in Shakespearean Tragedy is more expressive. Tragedy does not only mean death or calamity, but in fact, it refers to a series of steps which leads to the downfall of the tragic hero and eventually to his tragic death. Lear, the main character in King Lear was affirmedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear971 Words   |  4 PagesKing Lear Exam Question In all genres there are stereotypical elements. This academic essay will outline the importance and effect of the elements of dramatic tragedy within the given passage from King Lear, and how this is significant and develops an understanding in the audience towards the play as a whole. The passage given comes from Act 1; Scene 1 of ‘King Lear’. This initial scene is what would be called the ‘initiation of tragedy’ in this context as it supplies the tragic hero; in this caseRead MoreKing Lear and Antigone as Tragic Hero Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesBecause Lear is capable of change, he becomes a tragic hero; because Antigone is incapable of change, she never becomes a tragic heroine. Aristotle defines a tragic hero as someone, usually a male, who â€Å"falls from a high place mainly due to their fatal flaw.† During the highest point of the tragic hero’s life, something is revealed to the protagonist causing a reversal in their fortune. This reversal of fortune is caused by the flaw in their character. Tragedy evokes catharsis, a feeling of

Technology Research Research Significance and Innovation

Question: Discuss about theTechnology Researchfor Research Significance and Innovation. Answer: Introduction The research paper of cloud computing providing help or benefits to small and medium sized business as it is creating a new strategic market. The research study is significant as the small businesses face several issues such as high cost, risk, inefficiency and various others which can be resolved using cloud computing. This research study shall help in analyzing the benefits or advantages cloud computing provides to the small and medium sized business. This research shall provide awareness of cloud computing as improving ICT technical knowledge which would eventually automate business operations. This research shall prove beneficial for educational change as the academicians can continually adapt to a world requiring continuous technological innovation. This research study shall help in enhancing the technical capability of the small and medium sized companies. The entrepreneurs can use this research study to reduce their IT expenses, operational costs, process efficiency and mainte nance expenditure (Kshetri 2013). The research study of cloud computing providing help or benefits to small and medium sized business shall be beneficial to both societies and industries. In the IT field, cloud computing is considered as the future. For the small and medium-enterprises to grow bigger and grow effectively, the companies need to adapt to technological innovations. This research study shall discuss the benefits such as cost effectiveness, remote accessibility, security and collaboration (Gupta, Seetharaman and Raj 2013). Cloud computing research shall prove the most beneficial for small and medium enterprises as it shall enable people to take advantage of clouds reliability, availability, flexibility, security and scalability rather than relying on additional software or hardware. It is important to resolve the problems faced by small and medium sized organizations regarding space, power or software updates. The features of the technology promises a support to internal applications as it shall allow the users to access their files anywhere and anytime. Cloud computing allows the users with the ease of collaboration in which they can save and access files from the same master document (Safari et al. 2015) The proposed research project of expanding the benefits and gains that could be experienced by the small and medium sized organizations is innovative in nature. Upon conducting research, it was observed that the existing or previous literature mainly focuses on the security issues and other applications as a whole. The previous literature combines the explosive growth of mobile applications and cloud computing. The research shall provide arguments and evaluations for multiple enterprises who have adopted the technology. The current study shall lay emphasis specifically on the small and medium sized organizations. The decision points for adopting could computing in small and medium organizations shall be examined thoroughly. Additionally, the research is innovative as the factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing and the benefits of security it can provide to the small and medium organizations can help in resolving privacy concerns. This paper shall help in comparison the ad vantages, drawbacks and risks based on the literature review (Lin and Chen 2012). References Gupta, P., Seetharaman, A. and Raj, J., 2013. The usage and adoption of cloud computing by small and medium businesses.International Journal of Information Management, [online] 33(5), pp.861-874. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026840121300087X. Kshetri, N., 2013. Privacy and security issues in cloud computing: The role of institutions and institutional evolution.Telecommunications Policy, [online] 37(4-5), pp.372-386. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596112000717. Lin, A. and Chen, N., 2012. Cloud computing as an innovation: Percepetion, attitude, and adoption.International Journal of Information Management, [online] 32(6), pp.533-540. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401212000539. Safari, F., Safari, N., Hasanzadeh, A. and Ghatari, A., 2015. Factors affecting the adoption of cloud computing in small and medium enterprises.IJBIS, [online] 20(1), p.116. Available at: https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJBIS.2015.070894.

Dehydration Reaction Essays - Cistrans Isomerism, Isomerism

Dehydration Reaction Abstract: This study involved acid dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. The results varied depending on the time elapsed after initial reaction. I attempted to prove the Evelyn Effect, which stated that over a period of time the products of the aforementioned reaction will beobserved to change volume so that those products formed by a cis isomer of 2-methylcyclohexanol will form first. However, once all molecules in the cis isomer undergo reaction the remaining trans configured 2-methylcyclohexanols will proliferate during the latter period of the reaction. I also postulated as to the possible formulation of 1-ethylcyclopentene, and to the cause of such an event. Introduction: After researching acid-catalyzed dehydration reactions (McMurray) and background on the Evelyn Effect (Clausen) I hypothesize that the cis isomer of 2-methylcyclohexanol will react via an E1 type process forming 1-methylcyclohexene according to predictions from Zaitzev's rule (Lehman). This should be due to the fact that the cis isomer has 2 anti-coplanar hydrogens. These two hydrogens should make the molecule more reactive. The trans isomer, with only one anti-coplanar hydrogen, should be slower to react and will form a 3-methylcyclohexene. In addition the 1-ethylcyclopentene will be formed from both the cis and trans isomers but only if the hydroxyl group is in an equatorial position. In that position electrons from the ring may attack the alcohol directly from behind pushing it off the ring and forming a five-membered ring instead. Results & Discussion: An NMR (300MHz) spectra of the original reagent and the three fractions provided a huge amount of information in support of my hypothesis. Both cis and trans isomers were present in the spectra for the original material as well as for the first two fractions. The alcohol's hydrogen showed up at approximately 3.79 and 3.1 for cis and trans respectively. In the spectra for pure starting material (ref: Jim Starr /Steve Standish NMR 24 March, 2000) cis isomers of starting material comprised only 25% of the sample compared to 75% of trans as observed in the integration of peaks. In the spectra for fraction one a 3:1 ratio of trans to cis was observed. In the spectra of fraction two the cis isomer nearly disappeared; the ratio was roughly 6:1 trans/cis. Finally, in the spectra of the third fraction the cis isomer was absolutely imperceptible while the integration of trans was nearly twice that of the integration from fraction one. These spectra show that cis reacted first and was quickly consumed by the reaction leaving trans isomers to finish the reaction. Because it is known that the reaction with cis starting material caused both 3-methylcyclohexene and 1-methylcyclohexene I postulated that the foremost product of the latter stages of the reaction must be 3-methylcyclohexene, which is the sole product of the trans reaction (McMurray, chap. 11.12). In addition to the cis and trans peaks the peaks for both 3-methylcyclohexene and 1-methylcyclohexene could be found on the spectra at 5.7 and 5.4 respectively. The NMR showed that the integration of 1-methylcyclohexene dropped only slightly throughout the reaction while the integration of 3-methylcyclohexene increased nearly tenfold. The findings from the spectra prove the hypothesis that the cis reaction will go the fastest followed by the trans because as the cis is consumed it's peak at 3.79 will decrease as well as the peak for 1-methylcyclohexene due to termination of that products formation. Also, peaks for 1-ethylcyclopentene begin to show in the spectra for the second fraction and increase in size (area beneath the peak) by the spectra of the third fraction. At the root of this phenomena is steric hinderance. Both the cis and trans isomers will form 1-ethylcyclopentene (fig. 1). However, because of steric hinderance the trans isomer is favored to form the 1-ethylcyclopentene. This fact will explain why more of the pentene shows up in the third fraction. Finally, a tiny peak showed at 4.6 in every fraction's spectra indicating the presence of methylenecyclohexane. This product formed from the original product by acid catalyst. Experimental: An apparatus was constructed with a round bottom flask topped by a claisen adaptor in which was placed a thermometer and a condensing tube. In the apparatus 150mmole of 2-methylcyclohexanol was mixed with 5mL H3PO4 and distilled. The distilled liquid was collected in three tubes, at approximately 4mL per tube, labeled fraction 1, 2 and 3. Each fraction was placed in a centrifuge tube and combined with 4mL saturated NaHCO3. The aqueous layer was removed and MgSO4 was added for a final separation. The solid and aqueous layers were then removed and the final product was combined with CDCL3 in an NMR tube in

Literature that Changed America Essays

Literature that Changed America Essays Literature that Changed America Essay Literature that Changed America Essay Every now and then a piece of literature will come around and change the world. Maybe it will start a revolution or shine light on an important issue, no matter what there will be a transformation in culture. Only looking back into retrospect can one recognize how much of an impact has been actually left by pieces of significant literature. Common Sense by Thomas Paine, Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair are among just a few pieces that have radically changed and shaped the American Society. By January 1776, the colonies were in open conflict with Britain. They werent fighting in self-defense or to protect their property, but for independence. It took a hard reversal to move Americans from proclaimed reliability to announced rebellion, and it came from asubstantial part in Thomas Paines Common Sense. Thomas Paine was born in London, England into a quaker family. He was not well educated but was able to master reading, writing, and arithmetic. His early life was filled with many hardships including not being able to keep a job and the unfortunate death of his wife during childbirth. At a time when nothing in his life was going in the right direction, he met Benjamin Franklin. Franklin soon advised Paine to move to America and convinced him to become a writer. In 1774, Paine emigrated to Philadelphia, and after only one year he became co-editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine. After the Battle of Lexington in 1975, â€Å"Paine argued that America should not simply revolt ag ainst taxation, but demand independence from Great Britain entirely† (â€Å"Thomas Paine Biography† 2). And on January 10, 1776, he put this idea to work and published a 50 page pamphlet titled Common Sense. In this pamphlet, he explains why the people must stand up against King George III and the British Parliament. Due to how unfair they treated the colonies, Paine thought it was time to revolt. After studying the tension be

Ethnic diversity in China Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnic diversity in China Journal - Essay Example Zhizou people believe that two parallel house cannot be of the same height because they may cause unnecessary competition. The community encourages ties amongst siblings’ right from when they are still under their parents’ care to when they have been married away. In grandmother Wasomo’s story, a community where old people pass virtues to young children is depicted as one that is desirable and as one which yields a well-mannered crop of citizens. Respect for morals is a pillar in the community and elderly people though married have different beds to avoid ridicule. Spirits are considered part and parcel of the community; they, alongside the deceased are held highly in the community through ways such as observation of rituals to honor them and effigies, which are made in their memory. They are also perceived as the custodians of the people and are believed to be able to prevent harm. The community also had close ties, and this is exemplified by the fact that there is a granary that stores grain for a group of people. Women in the community are seen as the creators of wealth as in the example of a woman whose six kilos of rice is taken per day and another who shares two kilos for a family of six and has enough to see her through to the next harvest while the former does not. Chapter five questions the authority where the writers memories of rules and procedures are founded as his tapes and notebooks filled with deep thoughts. In order to explain why a somewhat different scripts model of memory has long been associated with respect to authority of written communication in China, the story of Nepi is told. The story of the origin of Nepi tells of two men; a Lolopo and another Han, who after traveling for nine nights and days the Lolopo man ends up ingesting what he had written on his buckwheat while the Han who had written on a piece of paper retained his information. The writer maintains that unlike scripted memory,

The Use of the Draft by the United States of America Thesis Proposal - 1

The Use of the Draft by the United States of America - Thesis Proposal Example The nation has paid a price for this in terms of the efficacy of its military actions and the results of the military interventions forced on it as the keeper of world peace. It is well past the time when the policy of an all-volunteer army is revisited, and the draft at 18 is reinstated for the peace in the world and satisfaction of achieving responsibilities felt at home. The demise of the Soviet Union has raised the stakes of the U.S. as the sole military and economic superpower in the eyes of the world, with the added responsibility of providing freedom and justice and maintaining peace in the world. Such a pragmatic vision was held out by the Presidential candidate George W. Bush in 1999, â€Å"For America, this is a time of unrivaled military power, economic promise, and cultural influence† (Campbell & O’Hanlon, 2006, p.28). The new millennium was to witness this drive in terms of national security and responsibility to the world. Citizens of the U.S.A have never fought a war on their land for the mere safety of family, home and country, save during the War of Independence to remove the yoke of colonialism. During the War of Independence, there was no requirement for conscription, as men believed it was their obligation, as bravery and valor flowed in their blood. The all-volunteer army is a reflection of the erosion in such values and the belief that military service is an obligation of the men of the nation (Bailey, 2009). Opposing the draft and support for the all-volunteer army reinforces the consideration that the present generation has gone soft with easy living. Do we want our wives to wake up one morning with the realization that her husband sleeping next to her is a coward, unwilling to fight to protect her children, home, and country? Or do we want our children to grow up to the realization that we were yellow-livered chickens? Let’s shed our looking for the easy way of life and demonstrate a willingness to be responsible for family and home, not merely in materialistic things, but also in true values and principles, built on the blood of our forefathers.